MHD 2 Block 1 Unit 3

 Bharatendu Harishchandra Aur Maithili Sharan Gupt ka Kavya- Bhasha aur Shilp (Khadi Boli ke Vikas ke Sandarbh Mein)


We are going to analyze the poetic language and its artistic style used by Maithili Sharan Gupta and Bharatendu Harishchandra. Theirs were the times of Nava-jagaran. They tried to make poetry more consistent with the stark social realities of the period. Newer themes were introduced into literature. It addressed the challenges faced by the new generation, day and age. Bharatendu had started Nava-jagaran literature. Maithili Sharan Gupta had added poetry to this kind of literature and gave it a new direction. As newer themes were introduced, the style of composition changed as well.

Harish-chandra had brought about a new era in literature. The language of poetry for his predecessors was the Braja-Bhasha. The towering authorities in Braja-bhasha till date were Surdas, Bihari, Ghana-nanda, etc. They had contributed richly and beautifully to Braja-bhasha.

The other lesser known language used in literature was Hindi Khadi Boli. However, writing Hindi poetry back in those days when Bharatendu began to write was synonymous with composing In Braja-bhasha. Especially the Christian missionaries, lekhak-chatusthay (Lallulal, Sadal Mishra, Insha Allah Khan, Sadasukh Laal) and Raja-dway (Raja Shiv Prasad and Raja Laxman Singh) had mostly relied on Hindi khadi boli nevertheless. Hindi Khadi Boli in its initial stages was similar to Urdu because both used Arabic and Persian words.

Soon, two groups formed on the basis of language. One group was that of Urdu or Khadi Boli Hindi with its rich vocabulary of Arabic and Persian words. Another group was Hindi with a rich infusion of Tatsam-Tadbhav words. These two types of Hindi language divided the Hindi speakers and composers. However, this division never had any communal undertones. The main people who fought this intellectual battles between the two kinds of Hindi were Raja Shiv Prasad Sitare Hind and Raja Laxman Singh. This battle which had nothing to do with communalism got its communal undertones much later due to the divide and rule policy of the British.

The question that arises is which side Bharatendu chose. Bharatendu did not support any group. His was a rich vocabulary full of various languages spoken in India. He had used elements of Lok geeti and even Adivasi Bhasha so he decided to stay away from the debate of the two types of Hindi languages. While the ghazals of Bharatendu were full of Urdu words, the majority of his poems used Braj-bhasha.

But, even the Braja-bhasha of Bharatendu had a new aroma about it. It was not the obsolete Braja-bhasha of his predecessors of Reeti-kaal. The Reeti-kaleen Braj bhasha had so many flaws to it that Bharatendu had to modify it to suit his own tastes. Bharatendu removed those words from his Braja-bhasha which had long since been lost from the vocabulary of his times but had been used even by the Reeti-kaal poets of his days.

 

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