Modern India for one day exams
1857- First war of Indian Independence
1885- INC formed
1893- Ganapati Mahotsav by Tilak
1896- Shivaji Mahotsav by Tilak
1897- Ram Krishna Mission founded by Swami Vivekananda
1902- Indian Opinion by Gandhiji
1904- VD Savarkar started Abhinav Bharat
1905- Partition of Bengal/ Sorrow Day by Tagore
1906- Muslim League founded
1907- Surat split
1908- Muzaffarpur bomb incident (Khudiram Bose hanged)
1909- Morley Minto Reform
1910- Tolstoy form in SA by Gandhiji
1911- 3rd Delhi Durbar
1912- Capital shift from Calcutta to Delhi
1913- Ghadar party formed by Lala Hardayal in San Francisco
1914- Kamagatamaru ship incident
1915- Gandhiji returns to India
1916- BHU founded/ Sabarmati Ashram
1917- Tinkathia andolan
1918- Kheda satyagraha (First peasant movement by Gandjii)
Ahmedabad mill strike (First hunger strike by Gandhijji)
1919- Rowlatt Act, Jallianwalah Bagh
1920- Non Cooperation Movement
1921- Prince of Wales comes to India
1922- Chauri Chaurah
1923- Swaraj party founded by CR Das and ML Nehru
1924- HRA founded by Sachindra Sanyal
1925- RSS founded
1926- Nawjawan Sabha by Bhagat Signh
1927- Simon Commission formed in England
1928- SImon commission came to India/ Nehru report by ML Nehru
1929- Poorna Swaraj by JL Nehru
1930- Civil Disobedience Movement
1931- Gandhi Irwin or Delhi Pact
1932- Poona Pact
1933- Harijan started by Gandhiji
1934- Gandhiji started Harijan Sevak Sangh
1935- GOI Act (Blueprint of Indian Constitution)
1936- Pakistan word came for the first time
1937- Faijpur, Maharashtra -Only time INC session in a village
1938- Haripur INC session (Netaji pres for the first time)
1939- Tripuri Sankat
1940- Mukti Diwas/ First demand for Pakistan/ Pawarnar satyagraha by Gandhiji, Vinoba Bhave, Pt JL Nehru, Brahmadatt
1942- Quit India Movement/ Operation zero hour by the British
1944- Rajgopalachari formula failure/ Wavell plan
1945- Shimla agreement between INC, British, and Muslim League failed
1946- Cabinet Mission plan failed/ Direct action day/ Navy revolt
1947- Mountbatten made Balkan plan
1903- Second Delhi Durbar by Curzon
9 July, 1905- Partition of Bengal declared in Shimla
16 Oct, 1905- Partition of Bangal comes into effect
1905- INC takes the call for Swadeshi for the first time under President Gokhale
The population of Bengal was 8 crore
189000 km square area under Bengal
Two parts of Bengal-
Chittagong, Dhaka, and some princely states (capital at Dhaka)
Rest of Bengal (Capital at Calcutta)
Tagore organized protests
16 Oct 1905- Sorrow day by Tagore and Rakhi, Ganga bath while singing ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ composed by Tagore for Swadeshi movement. In 1972, this became the national anthem of Bangladesh.
Maximum impact on cotton business during Swadeshi movement
Importnat leaders of Swadeshi movement- Lal Bal Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh
Minto was viceroy in 1906 (Swadeshi movement). He decided to break India on communal grounds to weaken the Swadeshi movement. So, he told the British supporter, Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dhaka, to form the Muslim League separate from the INC.
First president of Muslim League- Wakar ul Mulk
1905- Carlail plan by British to give scholarship to Indian students
1907- Muslim League brings charter in Amritsar session
1909- Morley Minto reform brought separate electroarate for Muslims. Morley was the secreatary of India and Minto the viceroy. Minto is called the father of communal electorate in India. But, Agha Khan had demanded separate electorate for the Muslims before the Morely Minto reform.
1907 Surat split
SUrat split took place because of differences in opinions about the Swadeshi movement. Congress split into moderates and extremists. For INC president, the moderates wanted Gokhale but the extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai.
1908 Muzaffarpur bomb incident
To kill Kingsford but killed Kennedy by mistake. Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose.
1910- Tolstoy form in SA by Gandhiji
1911- George V and William Mary in 3rd Delhi durbar
Viceroy- Harding
Jana Gana Mana by Tagore
1912- Cancel partition of Bengal/ Shift of capital from Calcutta to Delhi
1913- Ghadar party
Protect Indian settlers in USA and Canada
Later they grew into a nationalist movement.
There was a Ghadar press by Lala Hardayal in USA. It turend into Ghadar party.
First president- SOhan Lal Bhakhna
They wanted to promote revolutionary activities in India from abroad.
Kamagatamaru ship incident in 19141- To protect some stranded Indians, Baba Gurudatt Singh hired the Japanese ship, Komagatamaru and took it to Vancouver in Canada. He was not allowed to board there. So, the 35 people went to Budge Budge port, Calcutta. The Brtish fought and killed many Indains. In 2014, the PM of Canada apologized for not letting hte Indians board in Vancouver.
Toshamaru ship incident 1914- Revolt in Singapore
9th Jan 1915- Gandhi returns to India
LM Singhvi report of 2003 urged that 9th Jan 1915 should be celebrated every year as NRI day. Vajpayee was the PM of India and started celebrating it from 2003.
Books by Gandhiji
London guide- first book by Gandhiji
A guide to health
My early life
Hind Swaraj
Songs from the prison
My experiments with truth
Naujivan
Indian opinion
Unto the last by Ruskin bond translated into Gujarati as Sarvodaya
Harijan journal
Young India
1915-16- Gandhiji tours India
1916- BHU estd by Malviya and Gandhiji gave his speech. It was his first public appearance in India.
1917- Champaran satyagraha
3/20 parts of land were forcibly dedicated for indigo cultivation.
Champaran satyagraha was the first time Gandhiji led a satyagraha in India.
Major leaders
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Dinabandhu CF Andrews
Anugrah Narayan
Desai
Ahmedabad mill workers 1918
Plague disease
Workers wanted more bonus
Mill oweners were giving them only 24% bonus but Gandhiji raised it to 35%.
Anusuiya Behn led a major role
It was Gandhiji’s first hunger strike
Kheda satyagraha 1918
No tax slogan/ No tax protest
Zamindars wanted revenues even in droughts
Gandhiji’s first peasant movment.
Montague Chelmsford reform in 1919
Rowlatt Act 1919
Brought by Sidney Rowlatt
Even doubt on an Indian that they were nationalists could lead to imprisoment and the Indian could not use lawyers.
Gandhiji called it the black law.
Bina dalil, bina wakil, bina appeal law
MM Malviya and Majirul Haque resigned from Central govt.
18 March 1919- Rowlatt Act came
6 April 1919- Gandhiji had planned to launch Rowlatt Satyagraha.
Protest against ROwlatt act was widespread. Maximum protest in Punjab. Gandhiji was trying to reach Punjab when he was arrested in Palwal, Haryana.
9 April 1919- Ram nawami when Kitchlew and Satyapal were arrested in AMritsar.
VIce governor of Punjab who ordered to arrest them was O Dwyer
13 APril 1919- Martial law was imposed. A garden was called Jallianwalah Bagh after its owner, Jallli. People gathered there and H Dwyer oredered to open fire on the unarmed crowd.
Hunter commission report came from the British. It said that only 379 were killed.
Gandhiji- Page by page a shameless report of a shameless British governemnt
Investigation committe started to counter the Hunter COmmittee. Its president was ML Nehru. Other memebers were Malviya and Gandhiji. Gandhiji prepared the draft.
It said that 1000 people had died.
Protest to Jallianwalah Bagh
Kaiser i Hind titled renounced by Gandhiji
Sir and Knighthood by Tagore
Rai Bahadur by Jamunalal Bajaj
Shankar Narayan resigned from British roles.
2013- David Cameron visited India and said- Jallianwalah Bagh massacre was British history’s shameful incident.
Danda fauj founded by Chamandeep in Punjab.
Khilafat movement in 1919
Khalifa of Turkeyy was being harassed by British Sebre treaty in Poland took place. The Britishers insulted the Khalifa. Indian Muslims under the leadership of Ali Brothers protested against the British. So, Khilafat movement took place.
INC and ML united to start the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920-21.
Annie Besant and Dr. Ambedkar did not support the Khilafat movement.
Rajendra Prasad, JL Nehru, CR Das all left law professions.
Prince of Wales came to stop the NCM but failed and faced protests so he had to return back.
1921- INC president CR Das was in jail. So, Hakim Ajmal, the first substitute president was found in INC.
Chauri Chaurah incident 1922
Viceroy was Reeding. Gandhiji told him to stop the brutalities against satyagrahis or the others would be violent and it could not be contained.
1Feb 1922- Bhagawan Ahir was Gorakhpur’s leader. He was arrested.
The protesters wanted to free Ahir but the British killed a protestor. The mob was angry and they burnt 22 policemen alive in the prison and freed Bhagawan Ahir.
Gandhiji stopped NCM. Netaji called it national misfortune.
Gandiji was arrested and senteced for 6 years. BUt, the British had to release him in 1924 for bad health.
CR Das, Motilal Nehru, Netaji all tried to stop Gandhiji from withdrawing NCM but failed.
The British held 170 people for Chauri Chaurah incident. Malviya fought for them on legal grounds and freed 159 of them. The rest 19 were punished.
Swaraj party 1923
ML Nehru and CR Das did not like the withdrawal of NCM. SO, they split form the INC. Those who supported the Swaraj party were the pro-changers. Those who supported the INC were called no-changers.
Swaraj party was performing well in elections.
In 1924, the Das-Gandhi pact integrated the Swaraj party with INC.
In 1924 INC session, Gandhiji became the presidnet in the Belgaum session to keep the country from disintegrating.
In 1924, Sachindra Sanyal founded HRA in Kanpur for revolutionaary activities. He wrote a book called Bandi jeevan.
1925- Kakori train action to plunder 8 down passenger trains. They wanted to collect money for revolutionary activities.
Leaders-
Chandrasekhar Azad escaped
Rajendra Lahiri was hanged in Allahabad jail
Ram Prasad Bismil was hanged in Gorakhpur jail
Asfaqullah Khan was hanged in Faizabad jail
Bismillah Khan
1925- RSS founded in Nagpur by Dr. Hedegewar
1926- Bhagat Singh estd. Naujawan Sabha in Punjab
1927-28 Simon Commission
Viceroy- Irwin, Secretary- Brickenhead
Lala Lajpat Rai protested and Scott ordered a Lathi charge. But, Bhagat Singh killed Saunders by mistake.
1928- Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Azad renamed HRA to HSRA in Delhi.
1929- HSRA threw bomb on legislative assembly (Inquilab Zindabad)
Bills being passed- Public safety bill and Trade dispute bill
Bhagat Singh was arrested. Chandrasekhar Azad was on his way to meet Nehru in Allahabad but was martyred.
Brickenhead dared Indians to write their own constitution. He was trying to justify why the Simon Commission had no Indian members.
ML Nehru responded with Nehru report in 1928. It was the constitution of India according to him. JL Nehru presented it to 28 parties in India. Muslim League under Jinnah demanded 12 formulas for the Muslims. So, MA Jayekar of Hindu Mahasabha walked out. JL Nehru was against separeate communal laws.
Dec 1929- Lahore INC session with Poorna Swaraj resolution near the bank of Ravi river.
Gandhiji suggested that on 26th Jan 1930, the last sunday of Jan coming year, they celebrate their first republic day or independence day because India now had Nehru report for the constitution. They decided to hoist the ti-ranga all over India.
1930 CIvil Disobedience Movement
Viceroy was Irwin
1930 Salt law as passed
12 March 1930- Salt satyagraha started
385 km from Sabarmati to Dandi
78 people with Gandhiji
5th April 1930- Reached Dandi and broke the salt law.
Gandhiji made some demands from Irwin but he rejected them. Gandhiji- I asked for bread but got stone.
6 April 1930- CDM started from Dandi
12 Nov 1930- First roundtable conference(Gandhiji and INC protested and did not aattend)
1931- Gandhi Irwin pact
Gandhiji and INC attended second roundtable conference. But, McDonald, the PM of England, announced communal awards and INC and Gandhjii walked out.
The ship that took Gandhiji to England was SS Moriya
The ship that took Gandhiji to India was Benstiana (Irish)
1932- Third roundtable conference
Poona pact 25 Dec 1932
1933- Gandhiji replaced Young India (1912) with Harijan journal
1934- Gandhiji started Harijan sevak sangh
1935- Govt of India act (blueprint of our constitution)
1936- Pakistan word was introduced by Rahmat Ali Khan of Cmabridge university
1937- Election under GoI act
INC made interim govt with PM JL Nehru
1938- Tripuri sankat
1939- Forward bloc and Youth Brigade by Netaji
1940- Hallwet pillar felled by youth brigade.
8 Aug 1940- August declaration
JL Nehru did not want the Indians to fight in the WWII because of British treachery in WWI. When the Indinas were forced to fight then JL Nehru resigend.
Ambedkar and Muslim League called it the Mukti Diwas.
1940- Pawarnar satyagraha
1940- Jinnah’s demand for a separate Paksitan
9 March 1942- Cripps mission
Gandhiji- Post dated cheque from a crashing bank
1942- Quit India movement
4 June 1945- Wavell Plan failed
25th June 1945- Shimla conference
1946- Revolt of the royal army
1946- Cabinet mission plan but failed because INC did not like partition and ML did not get the word ‘Pakistan’ mentioned.
1947- Attlee’s declaration
3rd June 1947- Mountbatten plan/ June plan/ Balkan plan
Indian Independence Act 1947
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