Agriculutre exams

Class 8 Ncert agriculture

Pt. Nehru tried to develop agriculture in India. He treid to briing both the blue prints of AMerican adn Russia to develop agriculture in India. 

India has a long tradition of agriculture. There was the Bolan Valley in IVC where we find evidences of rice. 

Rig Vedic era mentions pure cotton. So, Mesopotamia called India the sindon civilization. 

In 1947, 80% people were agriculturists.  Today, it has reduced to 52%. Agro based industries also depend on agriculture and are included in it. 

Lal Bahadur Sastri in 1965- Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan

Agriculture- 

Horticulture

Animal husbandry

Forestry

Fishing

Agriculture is influenced by 

Mountaineous region

Saffron and other crops but lesser than the plains. 

Soil 

All crops can not grow in one kind of soil in sufficient amounts. 

Climate

Rabi, Kharif, Zaid

Rainfall

Farming starts with the onset of monsoon. 

Physical environemnt influences cropping pattern and livestock farming. Too much and too little rainfall are both harmful. Wheat and rice need different types of climates. 

Wheat needs tmeperate climate. 

Rice needs monsoon climate. 

We find crops in plains but cattle in hilly areas. 

Max. quantity of wheat- UP

Max. wheat per hectare- Punjab. They are in temperate zones. 

seed science

Seed is a fertilized ovule

An embryonic plant enclosed in a seed coat

Anything potential to develop into a new plant is a seed

If no fertilization takes place in the ovule then no seed is formed and the flower sheds after sometime. 

Stem cutting of rose also grows into a new plant. These are also seed materials. Vegatative parts are also seed materials. 

Testa is the outer seed coat. It protects the embryo. 

Micropyle is a small pore on the outer covering. Water enters through it. 

Endosperm comes from the fertilized polar nuclei. 

Cotyledons form the embryonic leaves. 

Plumule is the embryonic shoot. Radicle is the embryonic root. 

Epicotyl develps the shoot.

Types of seeds-

Monocots have a single cotyledon- wheat, rice, maize and other cereals.

Dicots have two cotyledons- pea, moong

Monocots have parallel venation. 

Dicots have reticulate venation. 

Vascular bundles are spread in monocots. 

Vascular bundles form a ring in dicots. 

Fibrous roots in monocots.

Tap roots in dicots. 

Multiple of three petals in monocots.

Multiple of five petals in dicots.

Recalcinant seeds- do not survive drying and freezing in ex-situ conservation. They cannot survive in less than 10 C. You cannot conserve or store them in this way. 

Ex- Pedunculate oak, Coffea arabica, cocoa, mango, rubber, casteana sativa (sweet chestnut), litchi

Orthodox seeds- opposite of recalcinand seeds. Ex- cereals, pulses, citrus, pumpkin

Scopes of seed science

seed multiplication

High quality seeds

Supply of good seeds

Reasonable price

Seed certificate guidelines (this certification is optional in India)

New scientific technology

Seed vs grain

Seed helps to grow plants but grain is used as food. 

Seeds should have a living endosperms means they should be viable. But, grains needs not be viable. 

Seeds should be genetically and physically pure. But, it is not necesary in grains. 

Seeds shuld be treated with pesticides and fungicides. But, it is not so for grains. 

Respiration rate and physiology should be low during storage in seeds but not grains. 

Seeds are not used as grains. 

Position of seed apex in monocot is lateral.

The tegmen of the seed develops from the inner integument.

Embryonal axis is called tigellum.

Castor seeds has reserved food in form of oil. 

Seeeds with largest viability period- Nelombo nucifera (Indian lotus)