Religion and philosophy

 

Meaning of religion

Nature and purpose of the universe were described in a set of beliefs



Nature of Indian religion

Evolving



Factors of the evolution of Indian religions

  • Socio economy

  • New movements and ideas



Religions arising in Indian subcontinent

  • Hindu

  • Buddhist

  • Jain

  • Sikh



Indian religions that did not originate in India

  • Islam

  • Judaism

  • Christianity

  • Baha’i








Harappan religion


Extent of knowledge

limited


Gods

  • Mother goddess 

  • Horned god of fertility


😈


🚺

Nature worship

  • Sacred trees

  • animals

🌳


😼


rituals

ablution


legacy

IVC religion intermingles and survives with others. Then it becomes powerful enough to affect the Vedic Aryans. 




Hindu


Original meaning of ‘Hindu’

  • People of a geographical area around the Indus.

  • No religious connotation


Religious connotation of ‘Hindu’

  • Started with the Mughals

  • Firm during the British Raj


Basic ideas 

Vedas (sruti)


Origin of the Vedas

  • No beginning 

  • Revealed to the rishis


Composition of Rig Veda

1500-900 BC


Deities in the Rig Veda

Personified natural forces

  • Indra

  • Agni

  • Vayu

  • Varuna

  • Mitra

  • Som

  • Ushas


Number of Hymns in Rigveda

1000


Rig Veda vs later Veda

Rig Veda has no special deity. Later Vedas show specialisation. 


Samveda

Some hymns of the Rigveda were modified for singing


Early vedic temples

Did not exist


Basic practice of Vedic religion

Havan


Origin of images and idols

WHen Aryan and non-Aryan cults assimilation


FUndamental goal of Hinduism

Moksha (Liberation from cycle of existence)


Pleasure 

Kama and artha are subordinate to dharma


Pilgrimage 

Stages in life to final destination or moksha


  • Knowledge

  • Wealth

  • Love

  • service

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