17th century History of modern India
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1453- Constantinople fell to Ottoman Turks. The eastern part of the Roman empire was Constantinople. It fell to Ottoman Turks and direct contact between India and the European nations declined. These Turks would serve as intermediaries and sell Indian goods to Europe at high prices. Then these goods would be expensive in Europe. But, the Indian goods were in high demand so the Europeans wanted to make direct contacts with India.But, Renaissance had come about in Italy with a rise in ship building activities. So, there was hope to discover a new trade route to India.
1453- St. Nicolas V gave a bull to Prince Henry, Navigator, to reach as far as India. This prince had a great passion for ships and navigations. So, they nicknamed him, 'Navigator'. This prince died before his dream could come true. Stil, it tells us about the sentiments of the Church and the European states about ships and voyages. This Prince belonged to Portugal. They wanetd to find newer lands to spread Christianity. Besides, the Portuguese often had tensions with the Muslims of the Arab countries. So, they wanted to counteract the pressure of using these intermediaries for their trade.
1487- Bartholomew Dias treid to reach India but failed. He was a Portuguese. He could reach only Africa.
1494- Treaty of Tordesillas
Portugal and Spain were two most powerful countries in Europe. They entered into a treaty. They divided the entire oriental world with a line in the Atlantic ocean. This line lay near the Cape Verde Islands. Of course this was an imaginary line. But, Portugal could capture all to the east of this line and Spain to the west. This meant the Portuguese wanted to capture India.
1497- Vasco da Gama set sail for India. He came from POrtugal. He reached til the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. Then, he met Abdul Majid, a Gujarati pilot from INdia. Majid led him to India.
1498- Vasco da Gama reached India. He had fulfilled the long sought European dream of finding a treade route to India. He came on the Eastern coast of Malabar in near modern Goa of India. He convinced the ruler that he had only come for trade and would pose no political threat. Zamorin, the ruler, knew that his Calicut port was famous for trade so he agreed. Vasco da Gama gained a lot of money from his trade. He returned to Europe nine months later to sell his goods at one tenth of the price of what the Europeans would buy them for. Now other Europeans also wanted to enter into India through this route.
1606- Jahangir again becomes kind towards the Jesuits. Jahangir succeeded Akbar. His court did not like the way his father, Akbar, had been kind to the Portuguese. So, Jahangir estranged himself from the Portuguese for sometime after ascending to the throne. After sometime in 1606, he became kind to the Portuguese once again.
1608- The Portuguese in Lahore carried out twenty baptisms. They had the support of the Mughal emperor, Jahangir who was secular in his ways like Akbar.
1609- Captain William Hawkins comes to Jahangir's court. Jahangir notices that he could speak Persian with a great flair. Persian was the state language of the Mughals. So, an impressed Jahangir gave him the title of English Khan. And, he got a handsome mansabdari of400. Mansabs were chunks of land.
1611- Captain William Hawkins flees the Mughal court of Jahangir. Captain Hawkins was an Englishman. The Portuguese had established their trade in India. They had made their place and established their position at the Mughal court. They could not let the representative of Britain to gain favours from the Mughal emperor. So, the Portuguese started a system of intrigues against Hawkins. Jahangir's favours towards Hawkins became unsteady. Hawkins could not face the intrigues and fled.
1612- Two small ENglish ships defeat a large fleet of Portuguese ships. The Portuguese ships were famous for their naval might. The English Captain Best led Dragon. It had a small ship, Osiander, for support. This victory impressed Jahangir. He did not have a good navy. The Portuguese were doing piracy in the Mughal oceanic territories. Now Jahangir found an alternative to support him so that he would not have to rely completely on the Portuguese for their good navy.
1613- The Portuguese went as far as capturing Mughal ships, plundering goods, and tormenting Muslims. Jahangir was the Mughal emperor. He ordered Muqarrab Khan of Surat to obtain compensation from the Portuguese.
1632- The siege of Hooghly took palce. The Portuguese had settled near Satgaon. They were monopolizing salt and tobacco. They were also doing piracy in Indian waters. So, the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, began to seize their Hooghly port. Qasim Khan was the Bengal governor. The Portuguese fled from this area.
1683- Goa under Portuguese loses importance and the Marathas invade it. The mighty Vijaynagar empire had a fall. So, the importance of Goa port was lost.
1739- The Marathas capture Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese.
Source: A brief hisory of modern India, Spectrum publications
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European history
Arrival of European companies in India
Why did the Europeans come to India?
The order in which European companies started in India-
Putra (Portuguese) ada (Angrez) aur dad (Dutch) fansa (French and Swedish)-
Portuguese- The first Europeans to arrive in India. 1498
Dutch- The second Europeans to arrive in India. 1595
British- The third Europeans to arrive in India. 1600
French- The third Europeans to arrive in India.
The Portuguese established their first factory in Cochin in 1503.
The Dutch establish their company in 1602. And, they establish their first factory in Surat in 1605.
The British established their first factory in Surat in 1608.
The French established their factory in 1664.
The Europeans would consume meat and alcohol. To preserve meat, spices are needed. So, the Europeans had come to India looking for spices.
Christopher Columbus-
Vasco da Gama(Portuguese) and Christopher Columbus (Spain) tried to find India. Columbus reached America. He called America as new world.
1498- Vasco da Gama reaches India.
Vasco da Gama came to Kerala in the port of Calicut.
Zamorin was the king of Calicut. He welcomed Vasco da Gama in a grand manner. Sikandar Lodi was ruling in Delhi.
Sea route to India was discovered by Vasco da Gama.
Kerala is called the garden of Spices.
Many spices were given to Vasco da Gama at a very low price. Vasco da Gama won a good profit. All European nations now wanted to come to India.
1502- Vasco da Gama came to India for the second time. His welcome was not so grand.
1524- Vasco da Gama came to India for a third time. He died in India.
Renaissance took place in Europe at its height during the Mughal rule in India.
All the European factories set up in India during the Mughal empire.
When the Portuguese came to India then Lodi dynasty was ruling at Delhi.
Kastuntunia- In 1453, the Arabs of Turkey attacked Kastuntunia of Europe.
Portuguese
The first Europeans to come to India would be the Portuguese and leave at last. They came in 1498 and left in 1961. A sepoy mutiny would drive the Portuguese out of Goa, Daman and Diu. The Portuguese would rule in India as the European colonialists for the longest duration.
Vasco da Gama reached India through the Cape of Good Hope in Africa in 1498.
Pedro Alvarez and his team came to India in 1500.
Vasco da Gama came to India in 1502.
Prince Henry was the Portuguese king who led the naval expeditions of the Portuguese.
Almeida (1505-09) is called the Portuguese viceroy to India. He was the first Portuguese governor.
Blue water policy was started by Almeida.
Albuquerque (1509-15) is called the real founder of Portuguese in India.
1510- Albuquerque campaigned for Bijapur and Goa was a territory of Bijapur. The king of Bijapur, Yusuf Adil Shah, was ruling Bijapur during that time. Goa would get rid of the Portuguese in 1961 after army operation in Goa. Then Goa became a part of India. In 1987, Goa became the 25th state of India. It is the smallest state of India. After Goa, the Portuguese won Daman (1535) then Diu (1559).
Nino da Cunha made Goa his capital.
Printing Press in India was established by the Portuguese.
British
The British threw the Portuguese out of India. But the Portuguese still keep Goa, Daman and Diu.
The Dutch had first gone to Indonesia for spice trade. Then they came to India only for spice trade.
Indonesia capital- Jakarta
The highest Muslim population in the world- Indonesia.
The Dutch gave priority to textile trade in India.
The British also threw Dutch out of India.
Anglo-Dutch war or the Battle of Vadra(Bengal): 1759
The British threw the French out of India.
Anglo-French war or the Battle of Wandiwash: 1760.
Now only the British would rule over India.
The British started to defeat the Indian rulers. So, the real British rule started in India 1764 onwards after the battle of Buxar.
British (1600-1947)
Policies of the British led them to rule over the entire India.
Aims of the British-
To conquer the Indian territories and one by one.
To defeat the Indians.
To plunder the money of India.
The main policy of the British was divide and rule.
Ring fence policy of British (ghere ki neeti)
Doctrine of Lapse (Rajya hadap neeti)- Dalhousie
Subsidiary alliance (Sahayak sandhi)- Wellesley
Doctrine of Lapse-
The British started to capture territories of India. If any Indian king has no natural heir(biological son) then till the king lives, the kingdom will belong to the king after his death, the EIC would capture their territory.
Jhansi-
Rani Laxmi Bai (Manikarnika, Chhaveli)
Satara
Awadh (also bad administration)
Subsidiary alliance-
India was divided into small kingdoms. All kings were afraid of their neighbouring kings. The British told the king that he could keep the British soldiers in his court. Then the British army would work for free in the court of the Indian king. Then the British would not interfere in any internal matters of the king. But, the company would interfere in the external matters of the king. It means the foreign policy of the Indian king would be regulated by the British. The British would get the information about whom the Indian king was making treaties and wars with. All the maintenance of the British army would be under the British king.
First king who accepted subsidiary alliance- Nizam of Hyderabad
Ring fence policy or buffer state-
The British decided to make a head office to rule over India. The British made their head office at Awadh. The British feared Indian attack. So, the British army would be around the British head office. Outside this would be Indian army chosen by the British.
Awadh was called Buffer state.
Indian army
British army
Buffer state
Founder of Awadh- Sahadat Khan
In 31st Dec, 1600 Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter to the British East India Company. Akbar was ruling in India when East India Company was established in India.
The EIC was allowed to do business for 15 years. In 1603, Elizabeth I died. Her successor was James I.
1608- Hawkins reaches the court of Jahangir sent by James I with a decree from Akbar. Jahangir gave him the title of English Khan.
1615- Thomas Roe came to the court of Jahangir.
1632- The EIC got the golden decree from the ruler of Golconda. It means the British could trade in India without paying any tax.
1717- John Sarman came to the court of Farukhsiyyar.
ऐसा मुग़ल बादशाह जिनको मराठों के द्वारा घसीट कर मारा गया - फरुखसैय्यर
Golden decree by the Mughals (Farukhsiyyar)- Magna Carta given by the Mughals.
Farukhsiyyar made EIC trade tax free in Bengal. EIC would only pay Rs. 3000 per year for it.
Farukhsiyyar made EIC trade tax free in Surat. EIC would only pay Rs. 10,000 per year for it.
EIC coins- The British issued and circulated them in Bombay. Farukhsiyyar allowed them to circulate these coins throughout India.
Why did the British not fight wars with the Portuguese?
In 1661, the king Charles II of Britain married the Portuguese princess, Catherine. Portuguese gave the island of Bombay as a dowry to the British. The British crown gave Bombay on lease to the EIC on an annual revenue of 10 pound per year in 1668.
1688- Aurangzeb had an encounter with Sir John Child (British). Aurangzeb won.
Three presidencies in India- Bombay, Madras and Bengal.
Eyre- Head of Bengal Presidency.
Fort William- Calcutta.
Saint George Fort- Madras.
St. Louis Fort- Pondicherry.
East India Company conquers Bengal
Why did the British conquer Bengal first in India?
Nawab of Bengal, Aliwardi Khan, had no biological son- Doctrine of Lapse.
Bengal was a fertile region.
Bengal had a large coastal boundary.
In 1707, Aurangzeb dies. The Mughals decline.
1717- Mughal emperor was Farukhsiyyar who gave golden decree or farman to the EIC.
Bengal of those days= West Bengal, Bangladesh, Bihar and Odisha.
1717- Murshid Quli Khan (1717-27) founded Bengal as an independent kingdom. His capital was Murshidabad.
1727-39: Shuja ud Din- The second nawab of Bengal.
1739-40: Sarfaraj Khan- The third nawab of Bengal.
All these nawabs of Bengal would send tax or nazrana to the Mughal emperor.
Sarfaraz had a subedar called Aliwardi Khan. He killed Sarfaraz and told the Mughal emperor that he would pay more nazrana to the Mughal emperor. Aliwardi Khan remained in power from 1740-56. Aliwardi Khan sent a nazrana of Rs. 2 crore to the Mughal emperor in 1740. Then, he never sent any nazrana again.
Aliwardi Khan had three daughters but no son. A daughter was Ghaseeti Begum. Aliwardi Khan announced the son of his youngest daughter as the next nawab of Bengal. This grandson was called Siraj ud Daulah. Ghaseeti Begum and the second daughter of Aliwardi Khan did not like it.
Siraj ud Daulah (1756-57) became the nawab of Bengal. He told the European traders not to fortify any factory. The British disobeyed him. The British fortified Fort William at Calcutta. Siraj attacked the British and some British died.
Black hole incident in June 1756-
Hallwell told the British authority a lie. He said that Siraj had massacred and wreaked havoc on the East India Company at Calcutta. He said that Siraj had imprisoned 146 British in a room of 16*14 feet. Then when they opened the gate then 123 died and 23 died saving their lives. So, Hallwell claimed that he was alone. The British get angered.
Robert Clive (army commander) and George Watson (navy commander) now got ready to seek revenge from the British.
Robert Clive reaches Bengal and meets a craftsman, Amichand. He was close to Mir Zafar, the commander of Siraj. Clive is ready to introduce Clive to Mir Zafar. Clive promises to give plundered things from Bengal to Amichand. Clive promises to make Mir Zafar the nawab of Bengal after killing Siraj. Mir Zafar gathered all people against Siraj. They were Rai Durlabh, Ghaseeti Begum, Amichand and Jagat Seth.
Battle of Plassey took place in 1757.
Siraj vs Clive
Match fixing war is another name of Battle of Plassey.
The least army who die in any battle is the Battle of Plassey.
1757-60: Mir Zafar becomes the nawab of Bengal but was acting as a puppet.
Mir Qasim was the son in law of Mir Zafar. He promised to give more nazrana than Mir Zafar.
Mir Qasim shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Munger.
Mir Qasim was the first nawab of Bengal to shift the capital from Bengal.
Mir Qasim gave tax relaxations to the Indians.
The Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II. Nawab of Awadh was Shuja ud Daulah. Mir Qasim reaches them and says that he has killed the British and asked their help to remove British from India.
Battle of Buxar - 1764
Hector Munro vs Mir Qasim+ Shah Alam II + Shuja ud Daulah
After the Battle of Buxar, the British started to rule India.
Diwani rights over Bengal and Awadh given to the British by Shah Alam II.
Mysore
Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan.
Wadeyar dynasty was ruling at Mysore. Chikka Kishan Raj was ruling. He had two commanders. They were Nandraj and Gopraj. Hyder Ali served under Nandraj. Hyder Ali took help of the French to establish Dindigul. It was the place where arms and ammunitions were stored. Hyder Ali killed Nandraj and declared himself as the independent ruler of Mysore- only explanation.
The first sultan of Mysore was Hyder Ali.
Now, south India had four rulers- Vijaynagar, Bahmani, Mysore and Maratha. The British wanted to remove them to rule over India.
Anglo Mysore war-
First 1767-69
Hyder Ali
Second 1780-84
Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan 1782 onwards.
Third 1790-92
Tipu Sultan
Fourth 1798-99
Tipu Sultan.
Thomas Munro (Historian) called Hyder Ali as the restless soul (Ashant Atma).
Tree of Independence planted by Tipu Sultan.
Capital of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan- Sri Rangapatanam.
Revolution of 1857
Britsh PM- Palmerston
Governor General- Canning
Mughal emperor- Bahadur Shah Zafar.
The British captured and sent him to Rangoon.
1857 revolt- why did it take place?
Political reasons
Socio-religious reasons
Ban on Sati (1829)
Widow remarriage (1856)
The missionaries were trying to propagate Christianity.
Doctrine of Lapse (1848-56)- Satara, Awadh, Bahrampur, Jhansi
Greatest reason- soldiers were discriminated against. They would never be promoted to the highest posts.
Dec 1856- Enfield rifle reached India
Feb 1857- The greased cartridge reached Beherampur
March 1857- The greased cartridge reached Barrackpore.
Rumour spreads that the greased cartridge had cow and pig fat in Dumdum. The soldiers refuse to use the Enfield rifle. They are severely punished and imprisoned. Then this news reaches Barrackpore. In 29th March, Mangal Pandey refuses to use the greased cartridge. British officers, Lt. Bagh and Hugh Rose, tried to force him. Mangal Pandey killed the two officers. Mangal Pandey is hanged on 8th April, 1957.
The first sacrifice in the revolt of 1857 was by Mangal Pandey.
Symbol of 1857 revolt- lotus and roti.
10th May 1857- Revolt of 1857 started from Meerut.
Kanpur
Nana Saheb and Tantia Tope
Jhansi
Rani Laxmi Bai
Allahabad
Liaquat Ali
Bareily
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Fatehpur
Maulvi Ahmadullah
Jagdishpur (Bihar)
Kunwar Singh
Lucknow
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Punjab
Naamdhari Sikhs
Kunwar Singh's pension had stopped.
Bijris Qadir was the son of Begum Hazrat Mahal.
Tantia Tope's real name was Pandurang and he was hanged in 1859.
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan has written maximum literature on Rani Laxmi Bai. Khub ladi mardani ho toh jhansi wali rani ne.
Failure of 1857 revolt-
The revolt started before the planned time. There was the plan to start the revolt on 31st March.
There was no plan.
Lack of national leadership.
Only the soldiers and farmers fought.
Higher class did not participate.
Lack of good weapons.
Railways and communications were available for British not Indians.
1853- Railways had started in India.
Hindu and Muslim unity- Greatest factor of 1857 revolt
1905- Partition of Bengal for divide and rule.
Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress was named as Indian National Union.
Why was the Congress established?
The British were scared of the Indians after 1857. They did not want another revolt like this.
A O Hume- He was a retired British officer. He suggested to make an organization of Indians and British. The Indians would tell the British of the problems faced by Indians.
1883- A O Hume wrote a letter to the students of Calcutta University. This letter said that if they wanted to keep their demands then they could do so using an organization.
1884- Indian National Union was established.
Lord Dufferin and A O Hume had a meeting in Shimla.
25th Dec 1885- Meeting of Indian National Union.
A O Hume and Indian leaders hold a meeting.
Indian leaders-
Dadabhai Naoroji
W C Banerjee.
Dadabhai Banerjee and W C Banerjee ask to name the Indian National Union as Indian National Congress.
28th Dec 1885- Indian National Union would convert into Indian National Congress.
Indian Musalman was a book written by W W Huntak. After this book was written, the British helped Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Aligarh rebellion. In 1885, it came up as a Madrasa. In 1920, it became Aligarh Muslim University.
A O Hume was an ornithologist.
Grand old man of India- Dadabhai Naoroji.
Bharat ka bhism pitamah- Dadabhai Naoroji.
Fardunji was another name of Dadabhai Naoroji.
Ranobai Majdaya Sangh – Established by Dadabhai Naoroji.
He would become president of INC three times.
He would be the first Indian to become the Member of Parliament in foreign parliament.
INC was established in Bombay (Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Vidyalaya).
Governor General when INC was established- Dufferin.
First Secretary general when the INC was founded- A O Hume. (1885-1907)
Second secretary general of INC – D V Wacha
PM of England during the foundation of INC- Glade Stone.
Three women president of INC before independence.
1917-Annie Besant (first woman)
1925-Sarojini Naidu(first Indian woman)
1933-Mrinalini Sengupta(First foreign woman of Indian origin)
(gap of eight years each time)
The British who had formed the INC in the first place later realized their mistake and started to go against it.
First session of INC- 1885
President- W C Banerjee
Members- 72
Second session of INC- 1886 in Calcutta.
President- Dadabhai Naoroji.
Third session of INC – 1887 in Madras.
President- Badruddin Tayyabji (First Muslim president of INC)
Fourth session of INC- 1888 in Allahabad/ Prayagraj
President- George Yule (First British or Christian president of INC)
First president of INC
Hindu- W C Banerjee
Muslim- Badruddin Tayyabji
Christian- George Yule
Twelfth session of Congress- 1896 in Calcutta.
President- Rahim Tullah Sayani
Vande Mataram was sung for the first time.
Duration of national song- 65sec
Duration of national anthem- 62 sec
1906 session- Calcutta
President- Dadabhai Naoroji
Demand for Swaraj.
In 1906, Muslim League was formed by Salimullah Khan and Agha Khan in Dhaka.
1907- Surat session of Congress
President- Rash Behari Bose.
Surat split- moderates and extremists.
In 1907 Surat session, the president was Rashbehari Bose. The Congress divided into moderates and extremists.
In 1911, Calcutta session of Congress took place. National Anthem of India was sung. President- Krishnadas Narayan.
Prince of Wales, George V and his wife Anne Mary came to India. Jana Gana Mana was sung for them for the first time. Prince of Wales now cancelled the partition of Bengal of 1905. The partition of Bengal was cancelled in 1911-12. He also changed the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi.
24 Jan 1950- Jana Gana Mana became the national anthem of India.
1916 Lucknow session of Congress-
President- Ambika Charan Majumdar. Moderates and extremists reunited.
1917 Calcutta session of Congress-
President- Annie Besant.
1923 Delhi session of Congress.
President- Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad.
Swaraj party was formed by C R Das and Motilal Nehru.
1924 Belgaum (Karnataka) session of Congress.
President- Gandhi (only time president)
First session to be held in a village.
1925 Kanpur session
President- Sarojini Naidu
1929 Lahore session
President- Jawaharlal Nehru
Swaraj resolution.
26 Jan 1930- Purna Swaraj day celebrated.
1931 Karachi session
President- Sardar Patel
Fundamental rights resolution passed.
Fundamental rights are borrowed from USA. It is called Bill of Rights in America. Fundamental rights are in Part III art 12-35 of the constitution.
1938 Haripura session
President- Netaji
1939 Tripuri session (Madras)
President- Subhas Chandra Bose
Pattavi Sitaramaiyya was a supporter of Gandhi and he fought election with Netaji. Netaji won. But Netaji would not do anything against Gandhiji. So, Netaji left the post and allowed Gandhiji to control presidentship. So, Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the president.
In 1939, Forward Bloc was founded by Netaji. He wanted to form an organization parallel to the Congress.
1948 Jaipur session
President- Pattavi Sitaramaiyya.
Important revolutionaries-
Khudiram Bose- the youngest to be hanged (18 years)
Prafulla Chaki
Madanlal Dhingra
Shyamji Krishan Verma
Lala Lajpat Rai
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Bipin Chandra Pal
Lala Hardayal
Kartar Singh Saraba
Bhagat Singh
Sukhdev
Rajguru
Batukeshwar Dutt
Arvind Ghosh
Subhas Chandra Bose
Chandrasekhar Azad
Ram Prasad Bismil
Asfaqullah Khan
Roshan Singh
Rajendra Lahari
Master Surya Sen
Muzaffarpur/Muzaffarabad in Bihar- There was a judge called Kingsford. He made a judgement against the Indians. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki agreed to kill him. Three women came to meet him. Kingsford told them to use his car and leave. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw bomb on this car. The three women and the driver died on the spot. Khudiram Bose ran away towards the city. Prafulla Chaki ran towards the railway station. He shot himself. Bose was caught and hanged.
Prafulla Chaki and Chandrasekhar Azad shot themselves.
Shyamji Krishna Verma
Britain was the education hub when the British ruled over India.
India House- Established by Shyamji Krishna Verma
1905-19: The worst time in India.
1905- Partition of Bengal by Curzon. They partitioned Bengal of the basis of religion. Both the Hindus and Muslims protested against it. They celebrated Rakhi (Raksha bandhan diwas) and took bath in the Ganges.
1906- Muslim League is formed. It disrupts Hindu Muslim unity.
1907- Surat split. Congress splits and unity is disrupted in India.
1908- Khudiram Bose, the youngest revolutionary to be hanged in India.
1911-12: Delhi darbar in which Prince George V and Anne Mary visit India.
Ghadar Party
1913- Ghadar party is formed.
What is ghadar? To quarrel and fight is ghadar.
Lala Hardayal was a professor at St Stephens college of Delhi. He resigned and became a freedom fighter. If the Indians stayed and conspired against the British in India then they could be caught. So, he goes to San Franciso, California. He starts Ghadar news. Their first journal was Hindustan Ghadar Patra. He wanted to attack the British from outside India. His plan leaked and the British caught him.
Ghadar Party was founded by Lala Hardayal.
Hindustan Ghadar Patra would be published in Urdu and Punjabi.
Companions of Lala Hardayal- Kartar Singh Sarabha (uncle of Bhagat Singh) and Sohan Singh Bhakhna.
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in 23rd March, 1931.
1915- Gandhiji comes to India .
1919- Rowlatt Act (Kala Kanoon or black law) to stop the revolutionaries in India.
Anyone could be arrested without a trial or appeal in courts.
No one could gather in any public place.
13 April 1919- Jallianwalah Bagh Massacre
Saifuddin Kichlu and Dr. Satyapal were popular leaders of Punjab. They were arrested under the Rowlatt act. In Amritsar, a crowd gathers to free them. They gathered in Jallianwalah Bagh. The crowd did not gather with any arms. It was the day of Baisakhi. General Dyer comes there and open fires on the crowd. There was only one exit and General Dyer had blocked it. Many reports came about death tolls.
British report- 400 died and over 2000 were wounded.
Hunter committee was formed to find the death toll in the Jallianwalah Bagh massacre. Its report was false. Hunter Commission justified general Dyer and removed all cases from Dyer.
Hansraj- He had helped Dyer.
Shankar Nayar- He resigned from the office of Viceroy after the Jallianwalah Bagh massacre.
Udham Singh's parents died there. He went to Britain from India. Then he killed Dyer in assembly. Udham Singh was hanged.
5 Feb 1922- Chauri Chaura incident
21 constables and 1 daroga was burnt alive inside the police station. Gandhiji withdrew the non-cooperation movement.
1923- Swaraj Party founded by C R Das (Chittaranjan Das) and Motilal Nehru in Allahabad.
1924- Hindustan Republican Association(HRA)-
Founded by
Ram Prasad Bismil
Sachindra Nath Sanyal
Chandrasekhar Azad
9th Aug 1925- Kakori train dacoiti which has been renamed to Kakori train action.
The revolutionaries plundered a train full of government wealth. The British arrest 29 people.
Hanged in Kakori train action-
Chandrasekhar Azad- escaped from capital punishment.
Asfaqullah Khan- first Muslim to be hanged.
Roshan Singh
Rajendra Lahiri
Ram Prasad Bismil- sarfarosi ki tammannah
1927- Simon Commission is formed.
President- John Simon.
Total 7 members- all British.
3 Feb 1928- Simon Commission comes to India.
In every corner of India, there is a protest against the Simon Commission.
'Simon go back' becomes the Indians' slogan.
Lala Lajpat Rai was protesting from Lahore. Saunders commanded lathicharge. Lala Lajpat Rai died within a few days. He said, "Every lathi on my head will uproot the British from India."
1928 Lahore Massacre-
Bhagat Singh's guru was Lala Lajpat Rai. Bhagat Singh shot Saunders dead in full public view.
1928- HRA is renamed as Hindustan Socialist Republic Association.
8th April 1929- Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt bombarded the Central Legislative Assembly. Then they raised the slogan- Inquilab Zindabad. They did not try to escape. They wrote on a piece of paper that a blind and deaf law was not be obeyed. This is not why Bhagat Singh was hanged.
27th Feb 1931- Chandrasekhar Azad reached martyrdom.
He had an encounter with the British in Alfred Park of Allahabad. He shot himself the last bullet.
23rd March 1931- Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged. The sentence was announced on 14th Feb.
Bhagat Singh was hanged for shooting and killing Saunders.
Main Nastik Kyun Hoon- Bhagat Singh wrote this book while he was in jail.
1932- Chittagaon arsenal attack
British arms were kept in Chittagaon.
Master Surya Sen decided to plunder the arsenal at Chittagaon. The women revolutionaries were ready to attack.
Suniti Chaudhury was a female revolutionary involved in it.
1934- Master Surya Sen was hanged.
Gandhi
Born- 2nd Oct 1869 (Saturday)
Father- Karamchand Gandhi was the Diwan of Chunagarh.
Mother- Putlibai
Baan- Title of Kasturba.
1889-91: Gandhi went to study in England.
1893: Abdullah, a businessman, comes to Gandhiji. He tells Gandhiji to fight a case in Africa. Then Gandhiji stayed in Africa for 22 years.
Merinsburg railway incident- Due to apartheid, Gandhiji was thrown out of a train. It happened when Gandhiji was travelling from Durban to Pretoria.
Gandhiji became famous in South Africa.
Works of Gandhiji in Africa-
1894- Natal Indian Congress in Africa.
1903- The Indian Opinion
1904- The Phoenix Hermitage
1905- G K Gokhale goes to Africa to meet Gandhiji. He convinces Gandhiji to return to India to throw the British out. Gandhiji made Gokhale his political guru.
1906- Gandhiji's first Satyagraha in South Africa.
1909- Gandhiji wrote Hind Swaraj.
Sons-
Harilal
Mohandas
Mohanlal
Ramdas
9 Jan 1915- Gandhiji returned to India.
He toured the entire India.
9th Jan is celebrated as NRI day in India.
Gandhiji founded Sabarmati Ashram.
INC wanted to amalgamate Gandhiji into Congress. Gandhiji had already become famous.
1917- Champaran Satyagraha
1918- Ahmedabad Mill workers satyagraha
1918- Kheda Satyagraha
1924- Gandhiji and C R Das agreement.
1931- Gandhi Irwin pact
1932- Poona pact
Gandhiji's first pan India movement- Rowlatt Satyagraha in 1919.
Gandhiji's only movement which ran two times- Civil Disobedience Movement.
Hazarat Muhammad
Born- 570AD in Mecca
Muharram- Is not a festival. Death of Hussain.
Types of Muslims- Shia and Sunni community
First Muslim invasion in India- Muhammad bin Qasim (Arab chief commander of Al Hazr)
712-714 AD- Qasim stayed in India
Qasim worked under Al-Hazr
Why did he enter India?
In the Sindh region of India, there was a king called king Dahir (Brahmin dynasty)
There was a port called Dewal in Sind.
A ship was passing through the port of Sind and Dahir plundered the ship. This ship belonged to Al Hazr. He sends Qasim to know why Dahir plundered the ship.
So, Muhammad bin Qasim plundered Sind to recover the losses from the ship.
He kills Dahir. Then he announces that the people of Sind had two options- Either they convert to Islam or pay the Jaziya tax.
Jaziya was a tax paid by non-Muslims.
Qasim was the first successful Muslim invader in India.
When Qasim killed Dahir, he had two daughters, Surya devi and Nirmala devi. Qasim sends them to Al Hazaz. Hazaz had two sons. They get married to the two daughters of Dahir.
In 714, the two daughters of Dahir tell Al Hazaz that Qasim had disrespected them before bringing them to Al Hazaz. So, Al Hazaz issued a farman to Muhammad bin Qasim to present himself to the court. Then Al Hazaz gave Muhammad bin Qasim the capital punishment.
Dirham- Golden coins for the first time in India issued by Qasim.
Date cultivation in India started with Qasim.
Camel husbandry started in India with Qasim.
India was divided into many small kingdoms. The king who had more elephants was considered more powerful. But the elephants led to the failure of Indian kings. Qasim had brought Arabi horses which were more sprightly than the elephants.
Monsoon word is in Arabic language.
The first Atlas or map in the world was prepared by the Arabs.
Jaziya tax-
Qasim was the first to impose jaziya in India.
Only the non-Muslims would pay this tax.
Qasim did not impose jaziya on the widows, invalids and Brahmins.
Who imposed jaziya on Brahmins? Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Who ended jaziya tax from India? Akbar
Who restarted jaziya tax in India? Aurangzeb
Who ended jaziya from India once and for all? Muhammad Shah Rangila
Turkish invasion- Mahmud Ghaznavi
The first Turkish to invade India successfully was Mahmud Ghaznavi.
Who was Mahmud Ghaznavi?
Ghazni was in Turkey in those days but now it is a part of Afghanistan.
There was a dynasty in Ghazni called the Yamini dynasty.
Founder- Alaptamin
His slave was Subuktgin. His son was Mahmud Ghaznavi.
He attacked India 17 times. 1001 to 1027. Most famous attack- Somnath temple in 1025.
Peshawar used to be in the boundary of India. The king of Peshawar was Jaipal. Subuktgin would attack Jaipal again and again and get defeated. In 998, Jaipal killed Subuktgin. Then Ghaznavi became the king of Ghazni. He attacked the temples again and again to insult the religioius sentiments of Hindus.
1000- Attack on Jaipal in Peshawar.
No clear winner came out of it.
1001- Ghazni defeated Jaipal. But, he did not kill Jaipal. Jaipal could not accept defeat so he burnt himself alive.
The first person to commit suicide to save his honour- Jaipal of Peshawar.
Aim of Mahmud Ghaznavi-
Plunder India and insult Indians. There is no idol worship in Islam. So, he is called murti bhanjak or the destroyer of idols.
1025- Attack on Somnath temple in Gujarat. Ruler of Gujarat- Bhimdev.
1030- Ghaznavi died.
Muhammad Ghori
1175 to 1206- Attack India
Ghazni- Muhammad Ghori came from here.
Mahmud Ghori aims-
Rule over India
Plunder India
Propagate Islam over India
Prithviraj Chauhan III was ruling over Delhi and Ajmer. The ruler of Delhi was called the Chakravarti Samrat.
Bhim II or Mulraj was ruling over Gujarat.
Raja Jaichand was ruling over Ujjain.
Jaichand was ruling over Kannauj.
Who established Delhi? Anag Pal Tomar
There was a king of this dynasty called Anagpal II. He had two daughters – Vimla Devi and Sundari Devi. He had no sons. Vimla devi is married to Someshwar, the king of Ajmer. She had a son, Prithviraj III. So, Prithviraj gets to ascend to the throne of Ajmer and Gujarat. Sundari Devi is married to Vijaychand. They had a son called Jaichand. Jaichand would rule over Kannauj.
This was the situation of India when Ghori came to India.
First attack of Ghori on India- Multan in 1175.
Karmaghi Muslims lived in Multan. They defeated Ghori.
Second attack of Ghori on India- Gujarat in 1178
Bhim II vs Ghori- Ghori runs away defeated and Bhim II pursues him. Bhim II catches Ghori in Mt. Abu of Rajasthan and captures him.
For the first time in India, Bhim II or Mulraj had defeated Ghori. Senapati of Ghori, Qutubuddin Aibak and Bakhtiyar Khilji came to request Bhim II to release Ghori. They were backed up by Prithviraj III who took sympathy on Ghori.
Mt. Abu has Dilwara Jain temple.
In 1166, Ghori captured Bhatinda. Now he wanted to capture areas close to Delhi.
He attacked from Bathinda to Terrain 16 times. Then the seventeenth battle was fought. It was the first battle of Terrain.
1191 First Battle of Terrain (Haryana) - Ghori vs Prithviraj III
Prithviraj wins.
Jaichand supported Prithviraj III.
Then Ghori's people came again to seek forgiveness on the behalf of Ghori. Prithviraj III lets Ghori escape again.
1192 Second Battle of Terrain – Ghori vs Prithviraj III
Ghori wins
Jaichand supported Ghori.
1215 Third Battle of Terrain- Yaldauz vs Iltutmish
Prithviraj III had a courtier called Chandravardai. He informed Prithviraj III that Ghori had captured till Bathinda.
Prithviraj Raso- Written by Chandravardai about Prithviraj III.
1194-1206 Ghori had four slaves
Qutbuddin Aibak
Qubacha
Yalduz
Bakhtiyar Khilji
1206- When Ghori was returning to Ghazni, Khokhar tribe killed Ghori. It was to seek revenge for the Jats he had slaughtered.
When Ghori died then the Delhi Sultanate started.
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) for 320 years.
Five dynasties
Ghulam (slave) (1206-1290)
Khilji (1290-1320)-minimum time on Delhi Sultanate(30)
Tughlaq(1320-1414)- maximum time on Delhi Sultanate(94)
Sayyid(1414-1451)
Lodi(1451-1526)
Slave dynasty/ Memeluk dynasty/ Ilbari Turk dynasty
Memeluk- Slave born from independent parents
Rulers of slave dynasty-
Qutubuddin Aibak
Aram Shah
Iltutmish
Ruknuddin Firoz
Razia Sultan – First and last ruler of Slave dynasty
Baharam Shah
Masood Shah
Nasiruddin Mahmud
Ghiyassuddin Balban
Change of capitals during the Delhi Sultanate
1206-10 Lahore (Qutbuddin Aibak changed from Delhi to Lahore)
1210-1214- Badayun (Iltutmish changed )
1214-1327- Delhi (Iltutmish ruled and Muhammad bin Tughlaq)
1327-1334- Daulatabad (Muhammad bin Tughlaq)
1334-1506- Delhi
1506-1526- Agra (Sikandar Lodi)
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210)
After the death of Ghori, his empire was divided between three slaves-
Aibak- Delhi sultanate
Yaldauz- Ghazni
Kubacha- Kabul and Qandahar.
He was a slave of Muhammad Ghori. He did not start a dynasty by his own name. He said that his dynasty would be called slave dynasty. He propagated Islam in India.
Aibak was the first sultan of Delhi sultanate to change capital. He would shift his capital from Delhi to Lahore.
He built the first mosque of India- Quwwat ul Islam in Delhi.
He also build Dhai din ka jhopra in Ajmer
Lakh Baksh- Aibak because he would donate more than lakh rupees. He was very charitable.
Pil Baksh- Aibak because he would donate elephants.
He started the construction of Qutub Minar of Delhi. It was completed by Iltutmish in 1229.
The only Sultan who did not accept the title of Sultan. He called himself Sipahsalar. He was the only sultan of the Delhi sultanate who did not accept the title of Sultan.
Aibak means the god of the moon.
He died in 1210 while playing chaugan or polo. He was riding a horse and fell down.
The only Sultan of Delhi Sultanate who died in the playfield was Aibak.
He was buried at Lahore maqbara.
Aramshah
He becomes the sultan. He was the son of Aibak. He ascended to the throne in 1210 and ruled for eight months.
Iltutmish (1210-36)
He said that the successor of the slave dynasty should be a slave. So, the son of Aibak could not be the next ruler.
He was the real founder of the Delhi sultanate.
Iltutmish was the first sultan of India.
Last sultan of Delhi sultanate- Ibrahim Lodi
Iqta system- Iltutmish started the Iqta system. He would provide a piece of land instead of salary to soldiers. The one who would receive the iqta would be called iqtadars.
He changed his capital from Lahore to Delhi.
1215 Third Battle of Terrain between Yaldauz and Iltutmish
Iltutmish won.
1221 Genghis Khan invaded India.
Taimuchin- real name of Genghis Khan.
Mangolia- Genghis Khan was from Mongolia
Why did Genghis Khan attack India?
There was a man called Jalaluddin Makbani. He killed the brother of Genghis Khan. Then he seeks protection from Iltutmish. Genghis Khan threatened that if Iltutmish tried to save Makbani then he would destroy the Delhi sultanate. So, Iltutmish did not protect Makbani. So, Genghis Khan attacked Sindh, killed Makbani and left India.
Gobi desert (smallest desert) is in Mongolia.
Tanka (silver coins) and jittal (copper coins)- Iltutmish started
Turkan e chahalgami or Dal chalisa- Iltutmish had many slaves. But, forty of them were the most loyal.
Turkan e chahalgani was started by Iltutmish and ended by Balban.
Iqta, iqtedar, iqtedari- started by Iltutmish.
Iltutmish had four sons. The first was Ruknuddin Firoz and the second was Bahram Shah. The four sons had failed in a war but Razia had won. So, Iltutmish found Razia more eligible than her sons.
Ruknuddin Firoz
He ascended to the throne in 1236. Razia wins the sympathy of the people of Delhi and gets Ruknuddin Firoz killed.
Razia sultan (1236-40)
Altunia was loyal to Iltutmish. Iltutmish had made him iqtedar of Bathinda.
Yakut Khan now becomes the lover of Razia. Yakut was called as Kala Hafsi. He was of a low caste. Razia makes her the keeper of the royal stables.
Bahram Shah was another son of Iltutmish. He too hated Razia and so did the chalisa.
Altunia revolts and declares himself as an independent ruler. Razia and Yakut went to quell the rebellion. Altunia killed Yakut Khan and captured Razia.
Bahram Shah had won the favor of the chalisa. Bahram Shah declared himself as the independent ruler of Delhi in 1240. He had expected Altunia to kill Razia.
Razia and Altunia went to a walk with Altunia. They did not accompany any army. So, Bahram Shah get Razia and Altunia killed.
Tomb of Razia Sultan- Kaithal, Haryana
Bahram Shah (1240-42)
He had taken help of chalisa to kill Razia. He feared that the chalisa would kill him too. So, he created another group called Nayab e Mumalkaat was created instead of chalisa. Aitgin became the first Nayab e Mumalkaat.
Second Mongol attack- The first was by Chengiz Khan on Sind. He had not attacked Delhi Sultanate. This attack was on the Delhi Sultanate.
Second Mongol attack in India / first Mongol attack in Delhi sultanate- During the reign of Bahram Shah.
Masood Shah (1242-46)
Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-65)
Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Balban (1265-1287)
He ended chalisa.
The last ruler of slave dynasty- Kaimurs
Khilji dynasty (1290-1320)
Ruled in the Delhi sultanate for the shortest period- 30 years
Rulers of Khilji dynasty
Jalaluddin Khilji (1290-96)- founder
Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316)
Mubarak Shah Khilji (1316-1320)
Khusro Shah Khilji (1320)
Jalaluddin Khilji had a nephew called Alauddin Khilji. Jalaluddin Khilji got his daughter married to his daughter. Jalaluddin Khilji makes Alauddin the governor of Kara (near Allahabad). Alauddin plans to become the Sultan of Delhi sultanate.
Mongols attack Delhi and Alauddin Khilji defeats them. Two thousand Mongol soldiers come to India. They desire to stay in India. They are told to accept Islam. These Muslims were called New Muslims. To accommodate these New Muslims, a new region called Mughalpur or Mungerpuri was established.
Alauddin Khilji attacked south India and plundered a lot of wealth. Then he went to Kada. When Jalaluddin Khilji came to know of it then he sent a letter to Alauddin Khilji. Alauddin said that he only wanted to showcase his power and would give all wealth to Jalaluddin.
Jalaluddin goes to meet his daughter. Alauddin hugs him in welcome. A man of Alauddin beheads Jalaluddin. Hence, Jalaluddin was killed in Kada.
Alauddin Khilji
He started with deception and ended with terror.
Deception- Killing the old sultan by deception.
Alauddin Khilji started giving cash salary. The army would be paid in iqta before Alauddin Khilji.
Standing army- started by Alauddin Khilji.
Jaziya and Jakat- Taxes imposed by Alauddin Khilji.
Diwan i Mustakhraj- Department started by Alauddin.
Monuments built by Alauddin Khilji-
Alai Darwaza
Alai Minar
Hauz Khas
Siri fort
He fixed the price of different objects.
Maqbara of Alauddin Khilji- Delhi
Wars of Alauddin Khilji-
Trick-gurchim
G= Gujarat
R=Ranthambor
C=Chitoor
M=Malwa
Alauddin won in all the wars.
Sikandar e sani- title of Alauddin Khilji after he won all these battles. The title means Alauddin wants to call himself equal to Sikandar or Second Sikandar.
Gujarat campaign in 1298-
He brought a slave called Malik Kafur in 1000 dinar.
Hazar dinari- Malik Kafur.
Malik Kafur was a kinnar.
He became the army leader of Alauddin.
Kohinoor- In 1308 Malik Kafur attacked Telangana and obtained the Kohinoor.
Padmaavat novel
We get to know of Chitoor campaign from this novel.
Malik Mohammad Jaisi – author of Padmaavat.
The real incident happened in 1303 but it was written in 1540-45 when Sher Shah Suri ruled.
Padmavati- Queen of Chitoor
Raja Ratan Singh was the husband of Padmavati.
Amir Khusro
Amir Khusro- court poet of Alauddin.
Nickname: Tuti-e-Hind or Parrot of India
Sitar and tabla and qawwali invented by Amir Khusro.
Aashika book and Tughlaq nama
- Amir Khusro
Khadi boli invented by Amir Khusro.
Amir Khusro served maximum sultans of the Delhi sultanate. He started his career in Balban's court. He served in the courts of 7 sultans.
Kashmir: Heaven on earth- Amir Khusro
Sultan-e-Jahan title to Alauddin Khilji- Amir Khusro
Nizamuddin Auliya was the guru of Amir Khusro.
He ruled for twenty years out of the thirty years of Khilji dynasty.
Mubarak Shah Khilji
He became sultan but roamed naked or women's clothes in his court. He was the only sultan of the Delhi sultanate who did not do so.
Khalifa- Mubarak Shah would call himself.
Gazi Mallik- killed Mubarak Shah Khilji
Last ruler of Khilji dynasty- Khusro Shah. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq killed him.
Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414)
It was the dynasty of Delhi sultanate which ruled for the maximum time.
Important rulers-
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (GST)
Muhammad bin Tughlaq (MBT)
Firoz Shan Tughlaq (FST)
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-25)
Founder of Tughlaq dynasty.
Tughlaqabad- city built by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
Canals- He was the first to build canals in India.
Nizamuddin Auliya (sufi saint) and Muhammad bin Tughlaq had an argument. Why?
Sufi saints were very rich. Ghayasuddin Tughlaq asked him to give him his money. Auliya did not want to give any money.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the son of Ghayasuddin Tughlaq.
Auliya was the guru of Muhammad bin Tughalq. Ghayasuddin Tughlaq went to Bengal. He told Auliya to give all his money by the time Ghayasuddin returned. Ghayasuddin went to crush a rebellion in Bengal. Auliya said- Noz Delhi Durast (Delhi Door Hai). Auliya told Muhammad bin Tughlaq to kill his father. When he returned from Bengal then a wooden palace was built to honour him. Ghayasuddin died by being crushed under it.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-51)
1323- Jauna Khan or Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
The most educated sultan of Delhi sultanate was Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Arabic and Persian languages – Muhammad bin Tughlaq was a scholar of these languages.
He was called pagal or mad sultan.
Reasons-
Five plans which failed. He had thought correctly but executed them in the wrong way.
Shift of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devagiri).
He wanted to have a capital towards the centre of India. Half the population of Delhi which went on foot died on their way.
Taxation in the doab region- two rivers have a region in between them.
When there was a lack of money, there was a famine near the doab region. Muhammad bin Tughlaq imposed taxes on the region.
Khurasan expedition
Token coins (no date mentioned)
Ibn-e-Battuta
He was a Moroccan (Africa) traveller in 1333.
He had come to India during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Rahela- Book by Ibn e Battuta.
Points mentioned in Rahela-
Delhi is the best and most prosperous city of the world.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq ruled entire India.
There were trade relations between Delhi and Morocco.
Qazi- Muhammad bin Tughlaq made Ibn Battuta his qazi.
He won Telangana and named it Sultanpur.
Mehboob e Ilahi- Muhammad bin Tughlaq gave this title to Nizamuddin Auliya.
Sati system
Sati system- Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the first sultan who tried to ban the sati system.
1829- Lord William Bentick banned sati system.
First sati in India-
Gupta dynasty had a ruler called Ram Gupta (375-380). He had a commander called Gopraj. His wife became the first sati in India.
First mention of sati in India- Eran inscription by Bhanugupt.
Holi- Only Delhi sultan who would play holi was Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
First time tried to stop sati- Firoz Shah Tughlaq would be partially successful to ban sati system.
Second time tried to stop sati- Akbar.
Third time tried to stop sati- Aurangzeb.
Rebellions during his reign- 34 (27 in south India)
Mahmud Ghaznavi died- 1030
Largest territory under Delhi sultan- Muhammad bin Tughlaq (Rahela of Ibn Battuta)
First evidence of sati- Bhanugupta's Eran inscription
Prithviraj III married Sanyogita.
1351- Muhammad bin Tughlaq dies.
A historian says that the sultan gets rid of the subjects and the subjects get rid of the sultan. Budaili
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-88)
If compared from the religious viewpoint then he was like Aurangzeb.
Jwalamukhi and Jagannath temple attack- Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
Ghayasuddin Tughlaq imposed jaziya on the Brahmins as well.
Diwan e Khairat- He was very charitable and would distribute charity among people. It was called khairat.
Canals
Ghayasuddin Tughlaq started canal construction in India.
After that was Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
Dar ul Shifa- The hospitals built by Ghayasuddin Tughlaq.
He was called the Akbar of the Sultanate era because of his charitable nature.
Cities founded-
Haryana- Hisar, Fatehabad( his son was Fateh Khan), Firozpur, Firozpur
Delhi- Firoz Shah Kotla
Jaunpur (Prince Jauna- Muhammad Shah Tughlaq)
Qutab Minar
Started by Qutubuddin Aikbak and finished by Iltutmish.
Lightning strike destroyed its fourth and fifth storeys. Firoz Shah Tughlaq reconstructed them.
Died in 1388.
Tughlaq dynasty declined. All the later Tughlaq rulers were weak.
1388-94: Five Tughlaq sultans came. They were all weak.
Last Tughlaq sultan- Nasiruddin Mahmud (1339-1414)
Timur's invasion (1398)
Timur was a lame. He liked to cut the throats of the Hindus, make a mountain out of them, and climb on them. Nasiruddin Mahmud (Tughlaq dynasty) was the Delhi sultan.
Turkey- Timur was the ruler of Turkey. His capital was a Samarkand.
Khizr Khan- Chief commander of Nasiruddin Mahmud. He had helped Timur.
Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451)
Khizr Khan (1414-21)
Khizr Khan becomes the founder of this dynasty. Timur leaves his captured territories in the hands of Khizr Khan.
Mubarak Shah
Second sultan of Sayyid dynasty.
His wazir was Bahlol Lodi.
Title- Khan e Khana
Last sultan of Sayyid dynasty- Alauddin Alam Shah.
Lodi dynasty (1451-1526)
Founder- Bahlol Lodi
Sikandar Lodi
The greatest Lodi ruler.
Vasco da Gama (Portuguese) comes to India during his reign in 1498. He had landed in Calicut port of Kerala.
The only Portuguese to have visited India three times – 1498, 1502, 1524.
In 1524, Vasco da Gama dies in India.
He had come to India looking for spices.
He had come to Kerala. Zamorin was ruling at Kerala and Sikandar Lodi in Delhi sultanate.
Sikandar Lodi
Gaz i Sikandari- A unit to measure land.
1 unit= 30 inches
Agra- city was founded by Sikandar Lodi in 1504 and made Agra his capital. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra (Secundarabad).
Ibrahim Lodi
Battle of Khatauli- 1517
Ibrahim Lodi vs Rana Sanga.
Brother of Rana Sanga- Sangram Singh.
Daulat Khan Lodi was the uncle of Ibrahim Lodi. He invited the ruler of Fargana, Babur, to come to India.
Only sultan of Delhi sultanate to die in the battlefield- Ibrahim Lodi.
Last sultan of Delhi sultanate.
Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat.
Mughals ( 1526-1857)
First Battle of Panipat- Babur vs Ibrahim Lodi.
Daulat Khan Lodi only wanted Babur to kill Ibrahim Lodi and leave India. But, Babur stayed to rule in India.
1526-1707 Early Mughals
1707-1857 Late Mughals
The Delhi sultanate rulers called themselves sultans. The Mughals called themselves Badshahs.
Babur
Wars-
First Battle of Panipat- 21st April 1526
Battle of Khanwa- 1527 (Rana Sanga)
Battle of Chanderi- 1528 (Medini Rai)
Battle of Ghaghra- 1529 (Mahmud Lodi)
Death – 1530
Canons- Babur used for the first time in India.
Sind and Kashmir- Babur attacked India first in the Sindh and Kashmir region.
Babur was born in 1483 in Fargana, Turkey.
Real name of Babur- Zahiruddin Muhammad Mirza
Father- Umar Sheikh Mirza
Mother- Qutlub Nigar Khan.
11 years age- He becomes the ruler of Fargana in 1494.
1494-1502 Babur ruled in Samarkand and Turkey.
Battle of Sar i Pul- Babur vs Shabani Khan.
Shahrukhi coins in Kabul.
Babri coins in Qandahar.
First capital of the Mughals- Agra.
Babur won all battles in India.
Baburnama- autobiography of Babur.
Babur was first buried in India (Arambagh) then in Kabul.
A person to be buried two times- Babur.
Babur had four sons-
Humayun (eldest son)
Kamran
Askari
Hindal
Babur had declared before his death that his successor would be Humayun.
Sher Khan was in the court of Babur. Babur told Humayun to be wary of Sher Khan. Sher Khan would later defeat Humayun and start the second Afghan dynasty in India.
Humayun (1530-40, 1555-56)
Humayunnama was the biography of Humayun. Written by Gulbadan Begum, sister of Humayun.
Humayun divided Babur's territories fairly among his brothers. But Humayun ascended to the throne of Delhi.
Opium addict- Humayun
Walking library- Humayun
Interested in astrology- Humayun (seven colors in seven days of week.)
Saturday- Black
Sunday- Yellow
Monday- White
Only Babur and Jahangir wrote autobiographies all other Mughals had biographies.
1540-55 There would be no Mughal rule in India. Sher Shah Suri would establish the second Afghan dynasty.
In 1545, Battle of Chausa took place.
Humayun vs Sher Shah Suri. A boatman saved his life. Niyaz Khan or Nizam became a king for one day when Humayun won later. He issues leather coins.
Battle of Bilgram/Kannauj- Sher Shah Suri vs Humayun.
Death of Sher Shah Suri- When winning the Kalinjar fort. Hence he constructed the Grant Trunk Road.
Farid- Childhood name of Sher Shah Suri.
Humayun married Hamida Bano Begum in 1541. They had a son called Akbar in 1542. Akbar was the only Mughal emperor to be born in a Hindu family. It was the palace of Vir Saal of Amarkot, Rajasthan.
1532- Humayun attacked Chunargarh.
1533- Humayun attacked Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
Humayun fell off the stairs of Din Panah library and died in in 1556.
1540- Battle of Kannauj
Sher Shah vs Humayun- Humayun lost and left Delhi. Then he went to Hindal. Hindal had a guru and Humayun married his daughter.
1545- Sher Shah Suri died. Sur dynasty weakened. Many new kings ruled. Humayun knew that Sikandar Sur was very weak.
So, Battle of Sirhind takes place. Humayun starts the Mughal dynasty in India.
Humayun ka Makbara was built by Haji Begum in Delhi. It is called the precursor of the Taj Mahal. It is the first structure built using marble.
Taj Mahal and replicas
Mumtaz Mahal ka makbara (Real Taj Mahal) in Agra
Bibi ka makbara- Aurangabad
Humayun ka makbara- Delhi
Tomb of Itmadullah in Agra (Baby Taj Mahal)- The first tomb in India to be constructed entirely of marble. Nur Jahan constructed it.
Suri dynasty (1540-55)
Sher Shah Suri- 1540 to 55
Childhood name- Farid Khan.
Sher Khan- He killed a tiger with just one stroke of his sword.
1539- Battle of Chausa in which Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun but did not rule.
1540- Battle of Bilgram in which Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun.
Akbar (1556-1605)
His full name was Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar.
Born 1542 in Amarkot palace of Vir Saal.
Illiterate- Akbar was illiterate.
Bairam Khan was the regent and guardian of Akbar. He brought up Akbar.
In 1556, there was a war. Akbar was leading the war under Bairam Khan. Humayun dies but Bairam Khan did not make it public. He declares Akbar as the next emperor in the battlefield.
1556-60 Bairam Khan did all things in the name of Akbar.
1560- Battle of Bhilwada (Akbar vs Bairam Khan)
1560-62 Mahamanga did all things in the name of Akbar.
Then Akbar took over his post of Badshah. Bairam Khan was told to become the head of any department. Bairam Khan refused. So, he leaves for Mecca and Medina. On his way, Bairam Khan is killed.
Works by Akbar-
DaTeeJ-
1562- Ended Daas pratha (slavery).
1563- Teerth yatra kar ended by Akbar- Akbar said that if Hindus had to pay taxes to visit their pilgrimage places then so would the Muslims. Else, the pilgrimage tax would be done away with.
Banned sati system in 1563.
1564- Akbar ended jaziya tax paid by non-Muslims.
Second Battle of Panipat 1556
Hemu (Hem Chandra Vikramaditya) was the last Hindu ruler to rule over Delhi.
Battles of Panipat-
First 1526 Ibrahim Lodi vs Babur
Second 1556 Hemu vs Akbar
Third 1761 Peshwa vs Ahmad Shah Abdali
Mariam uz Zamani (Harkabai or Heer Kumari)- Sheikhu Baba called by Akbar/ Salim (Jahangir)
Sheikh Salim Chisti was the a respected by Akbar. He was a sufi saint of Fatehpur Sikri.
1569- Salim or Jahangir was born in Fatehpur Sikri so he was named Salim after Sheikh Salim Chisti.
Akbar built the tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti.
Akbar won Gujarat and annexed it into the Mughal empire. To commemorate it he built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri.
Forts-
Agra fort
Allahabad fort
Lahore fort
1576- Battle of Haldighati between Akbar and Maharana Pratap.
Akbar called a conference of various religions. There was no person who would call that all religions are great. So, Akbar started a new religion called Din e Ilahi. Any person could convert to Din e Ilahi. Only the Muslims had accepted it. The only Hindu to accept it was Birbal (Mahesh Das).
Priest of Din e Ilahi- Abul Fazl.
Ilahi era started by Akbar under the influence of Hinduism- 1583. Ilahi coins introduced in 1583.
Akbar biography- Akbarnama (a part is Ain i Akbari)- Abul Fazl.
It is divided into 3 parts.
Abul Fazl took 7 years to write it.
Akbar had the Mahabharat translated. It was done by Abdul Qadir Budayani and called the Razmanama.
Artists in Akbar's court- Dashmant and Basawant.
1599- John Mildenhall came to Akbar's court.
1600- East India company established during Akbar's reign.
1605- Akbar died due to diarrhoea.
Akbar's tomb- Secundarabad, Agra.
Nine jewels in Akbar's court-
Birbal (Title- Brahmakavi given by Akbar)
Tansen (Real name- Ramtanu Pandey of Gwalior)
Mansingh
Todarmal (revenue department)
Abul Fazl
Faizi
Abdul Rahim Khan e Khana (Chief instructor of Jahangir)
Mulla do Pyaza
Fakir
Tansen's tomb- Gwalior
Works of Tansen
Mian ki Malhar
Mian ki Toli
Mian ka Sarang
Tulsidas was a contemporary of Akbar.
Jahangir (1605-27)
Born- 1569 in Fatehpur Sikri
Childhood name- Prince Salim or Sheikhu Babu by Akbar
Abul Fazl was one of the nine jewels of Akbar's court. In 1602, Jahangir had Abul Fazl killed by Vir Singh Bundela.
Jahangir fell in love with Mehrunnisa. Jahangir gives her the title of Nur Jahan (The most beautiful in the world). Mehrunnisa was already married to Sher e Afghan or Ali Kuli Beg. Mehrunnisa and Sher e Afghan had a daughter called Ladli Begum. When Sher e Afghan died then Jahangir married her in 1611. But, Jahangir had a son called Seheryar from his first wife. Jahangir had Sheheryar and Ladli Begum married.
Now, Nur Jahan takes care of all activities in the court of Jahangir.
Mehrunnisa's mother was called Asmatbegum and father was Itmadullah.
Asmatbegum was the first woman to extract perfume from rose.
The tomb of Itmadullah is in Agra.
Manbai- In 1585, Jahangir married Manbai.
Her son was Khusro.
Khusro later revolted against Jahangir. Jahangir gave him capital punishment. The fifth Sikh Guru called Arjan Dev was helping Khusro. Jahangir awarded capital punishment to Arjan Dev.
The fifth and tenth Sikh gurus were given capital punishment.
Jagat Gosai- In 1588, Jahangir married Jagat Gosai.
Her son was Khurram ( Shah Jahan)
1617- Khurram won the Ahmadnagar expedition then Jahangir gave him the title of Shah Jahan.
Jahangir said that an artist has the ability to see God.
Ustab Mansoor Khan was the most famous painter in Jahangir's court.
Golden age of painting- Jahangir's era.
Captain Hawkins- The first British to come to India in 1608.
Surat factory in 1613.
Sir Thomas Roe- The second British to come to India in Jahangir's court in 1615.
Chain of justice-
Anyone could ring it at any time and get justice within twenty four hours.
Ain i Jahangiri- 12 plans by Jahangir.
Tuzuk e Jahangiri- Jahangir's autobiography. Motbind Khan completed the autobiography of Jahangir.
Jahangir died in 1627 and his tomb is in Lahore.
Scapegoat of Mughal period- Dabar Baksh.
25th Jan- Voter's day.
Till 1989, the minimum eligible date for voting was 21 years.
61st Amendment in the constitution in 1989.
Shan Jahan
Childhood name- Khurram
Marriage- Arjumand Banu Begum (Mumtaz Mahal)in 1612.
She was the son of Nur Jahan's brother called Asaf Khan.
Mumtaz had told Shah Jahan to build a structure that would continue into posterity. This was Taj Mahal.
Mumtaz Mahal had 14 children. Out of them only 7 survived. 4 were boys and 3 were girls.
Girls- Jahanara, Hasanara, Gauhanara.
Boys-
Dara Shikoh (mini Akbar)- Aurangzeb had him killed.
Aurangzeb
Shah Shuja
Murad Baksh
Mumtaz Mahal died during child birth.
All his sons started battle of succession during the lifetime of Shah Jahan.
Sons-
Aurangzeb
Shah Shuja
Murad
Kam Baksh
The Mughal emperor who saw the war of succession during his lifetime- Shah Jahan
1658- Battle of Bahadurpur between Shah Shuja and the royal army. No clear winner.
1658- Battle of Dharmat between Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh and royal army. Aurangzeb won.
1658- Aurangzeb defeated all his brothers. Aurangzeb declares himself as the next Mughal emperor.
On the other side of the Yamuna Aurangzeb built a jail where he imprisoned Shah Jahan.
Golden time of architecture- Shah Jahan's era
Jama Masjid of Delhi
Red Fort
Taj Mahal
Kashmir Gate
Lahore Gate
Ajmeri Gate
India Gate
Diwan i Aam and Diwan i Khas
Shah Jahan spent all money in architecture.
Shah Jahan installed the kohinoor diamond in peacock throne.
1631-53: Construction of Taj Mahal
Chief architect- Ustad Ahmad Lahori.
Cheif mistry- Ustad Isa Khan
Style of Taj Mahal- Pitradura style
Grave of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz are inside the Taj Mahal.
Shifting capital- 1638
Shah Jahan shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi.
Shah Jahan nama- Inayat Khan wrote Shah Jahan's biography.
Aurangzeb (Alamgir and Zinda pir)
Born- 1618 at Dohad in Ujjain.
Marriage- Dilras Banu Begum (Rabiya ud Daurani)
Bibi ka makbara- Tomb of Dilras Banu Begum.
It was a Taj Mahal's replica of unburnt bricks.
It is called an ugly replica of Taj Mahal.
Aurangzeb banned-
music
Tobacco 1658
Wine
Gambling
All Hindu festivals 1668
Temples destroyed by Aurangzeb-
Kashi Bishwanath temple
Keshav Rai temple
Somnath temple
Jaziya tax was re-imposed on Hindus by Aurangzeb in 1679.
Maximum Hindus were converted to Islam during his reign.
Maximum Hindu officers were during his reign- 33%
Alamgir nama- Aurangzeb's biography by Kazim Shiraji
Aurangzeb ka makbara- Daulatabad.
Marathas
Aurangzeb fought maximum wars with Shivaji.
Treaty of Purandar in 1665- Jai Singh and Shivaji.
Shivaji captured a lot of land of Aurangzeb. Shivaji had to return 23 kille he won from Aurangzeb. Shivaji and Aurangzeb promise not to fight any war.
Shivaji and Sahoo are imprisoned due to Mughal treachery.
1674- Shivaji was coronated by Ganga Bhatt.
1680- Shivaji died.
Shivaji had two sons- Sambhaji and Rajaram.
1680-89: Sambhaji led the Marathas. In 1689, Aurangzeb killed Sambhaji because he had helped Akbar II.
1681- Akbar II rebelled taking the help of Sambhaji (son of Shivaji)
1687- Bijapur and Golconda merged with Mughal empire.
Sambhaji's son was Sahoo.
Tarabai was the wife of Rajaram.
1689-1700: Tarabai leads the Marathas.
In 1700, Battle of Kheda takes place between Tarabai and Sahoo. (Chachi bhateeje ka yudh). Sahoo wins and Tarabai escapes to Kolhapur and dies. The post of Peshwa starts after this.
Maratha gurus:
Gyan ke naam ka tukka ram ne maara.
Gyan= Gyandev
Ke= Kondev
Naam= Naamdev
Tukka= Tukkaram
Ram= Ramdas
The Maratha kingdom was distributed among
Bhonsle
Sindhia
Holkar
Gaekwad
Sikh Religion
N- Nanak H- Hargobind
A- Angad H-Harray
A- Amardas H-Harkisan
R- Ramdas T-Teg Bahadur
A- Arjan Dev G- Gobind Singh
Guru Nanak (1469-1539)
Born in Talwandi, Pakistan.
Nankana Gurudwara Sahib is located in Talwandi.
Founder of Sikhism.
He was a contemporary of Ibrahim Lodi, Babar and Humayun.
Langar- started by Guru Nanak.
Kartarpur(Pakistan) established by Guru Nanak. He died there.
He had two sons- Srichand and Laxmichand.
He did not make either of his sons as the next guru. He made Guru Angad as the next guru.
Guru Angad (1539-52)
He was a contemporary of Humayun and Sher Shah Suri.
Real name- Lehena
Langar- Angad made langar as permanent.
Gurmukhi script invented by Guru Angad dev.
Children- Two sons and two daughters.
Guru Amardas (1552-74)
He was a contemporary of Humayun and Akbar.
His daughter was Bibi Bhani. Akbar was impressed by this learned woman and gave her many villages. He also gave her 500 bighas of land. Her husband became the fourth Sikh guru (Ramdas)
Lavan- Sikh marriage rituals which was different from the Hindus.
Sati- Guru Amardas protested against sati.
Guru Ramdas (1574-81)
Ramdaspur- His wife was the owner of 500 bighas of land. He founded Amritsar known earlier as Ramdaspur on this land.
He was a contemporary of Akbar.
Akbar- When Guru Ramdas requested then Akbar relieved Punjab from taxation for one year.
Guru Arjan Dev (1581-1606)
Contemporary of Akbar and Jahangir.
Khusro was the son of Jahangir who had revolted against Jahangir. Guru Arjan Dev had blessed Khusro. So, Jahangir killed Guru Arjan Dev.
Guru Harbindar Sahab gurudwara was constructed in Amritsar by Guru Arjan Dev.
Adi Granth was composed during the times of Guru Arjan Dev.
Guru Hargobind (1606-45)
He was a contemporary of Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
Guru Hargobind started a revolt during the reign of Shah Jahan.
Akal Takht was started by Guru Hargobind.
He would sit on the throne with a sword. He was the first guru to use swords.
He said that he wanted only swords and horses for gifts.
Guru Har Rai (1645-61)
Contemporary of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
Fortification of Amritsar by Guru Har Rai.
Dara Shikoh, brother of Aurangzeb, met Guru Har Rai and the guru blessed him.
Guru Harkishan (1661-64)
He was a contemporary of Aurangzeb.
Baal guru- He became guru at 5 or 7 years age.
He died due to chicken pox.
Guru Teg Bahadur ( 1664-1675)
He was a contemporary of Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb forced Guru Teg Bahadur to convert to Islam. When he did not accept then Aurangzeb killed him in 1675.
Guru Gobind Singh (1675-1708)
He was a contemporary of Aurangzeb.
Khalsa was started by Guru Gobind Singh.
Kaur in the name of women and Singh in the name of men was started by Guru Gobind Singh.
'Singh' can be seen only in the name of Guru Gobind Singh.
1708- Guru Gobind Singh was killed by Ulgha Pathan.
Vijaynagar dynasty (1336
Founders- Harihara and Bukka.
Why was the Vijaynagar dynasty founded?
1328-1414- Tughlaq dynasty was at Delhi. It was the reign of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-25).
1323- Warangal is a place in South India. A revolt took place at Warangal. The king of Warangal called Pratap Rudra Dev revolts at Warangal. Muhammad bin Tughlaq is sent to crush the rebellion. Pratap Rudra Dev had two commanders, Harihar and Bukka. Muhammad bin Tughlaq took them with him to Delhi and converted them to Islam.
1333- Revolt breaks out again at Warangal. Muhammad bin Tughlaq was ruling there. He sends Harihar and Bukka to crush the rebellion. They do so.
1336- Harihara and Bukka meet Vijaysagar, their guru. He tells them to convert to Hinduism again. They do so. So, Harihara and Bukka found a city and name it Vijaynagar.
Sangam dynasty
The first dynasty to rule over Vijaynagar was Sangam dynasty.
The father of Harihara and Bukka was Chandravanshi Sangam. So, the dynasty of Harihara and Bukka was called Sangam dynasty.
Dynasty
time
founder
Last ruler
Sangam
1336-1485
Harihara I
Virupaksh II
Saluv
Veer Narsingh
Tuluv
1505-70
Vir Narsing
Sada Shiv Rai
Arvidu
Sangam dynasty-
Harihara made his first capital at Anegondi and second capital at Vijaynagar.
Bukka I was called Ved Pratisthapak.
Devaraya I (1377-1405)-
Nicoloconti visited the court of Devaraya I.
Srinath was the court poet of Devaraya.
Maximum rebellions during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq- 34 (27- south India, 7- north India)
1347- Revolt in south India. Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent Hasan Gangu to crush it. He kept his name as Bahman Shah and established the Bahmani dynasty.
Saluv dynasty-
Veer Narsingh (founder)
He killed Immadi, son of Virupaksa II (last of Sangam dynasty) and started Saluv dynasty.
Tuluv dynasty-
Greatest king- Krishan Dev Raya (1509-29).
Two famous books of Krishan Dev Raya- Amuktmalyavaad and Jamvanti Kalyanam.
Title- Andhrabhoj.
Krishandev Raya founded two cities-
Haspet (in memory of wife)
Nagalpur (in memory of mother)
Krishnadeva Raya founded the temple of Vitthal Swami.
Ashtadiggaj in the court of Krishnadeva Raya.
Ashtadiggaj- Krishnadeva Raya
Ashtapradhan- Shivaji (Peshwa was one of them)
Navratna- Akbar
Nauratna- Vikramaditya
The Bahmani kingdom was divided into four parts- Ahmadnagar
Bijapur
Bidar
Golconda
Battle of Talicota of Rakshas Tangri- A fierce war between Vijaynagar and Bahmani empires in 1565. Vijaynagar empire declined after this war.
Foreign travellers who visited south India
Nicoloconti
Italy
Devray I
Abdurrazzak
Persia
Devray I
Barbosa
Portuguese
Krishnadeva Raya
Payas
Portuguese
Krishnadeva Raya
Nunis
Portuguese
Adhyut Deva Raya
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